INTRODUCTION:

Traditional medicine using plant extracts continue to provide health coverage for over 80% of the world’s population, especially in the developing world. It was reported that 60% to 85% of the population in every country of the developing world has to rely on traditional medicine or indigenous forms of medicines¹.

Jatropha curcas commonly called “Barbados nuts,” or “purging nut,” it is also known as “Itiakpa” by the Urhobos, “lapalapa” in Yoruba. Jatropha species belong to the family Euphorbiaceae and are used in traditional folklore medicine to cure various ailments in Africa, Asia and Latin America ².

This plant is one of the most important sources of medicine. Plant derived compounds (phytochemicals) have been attracting much interest as natural alternatives to synthetic compounds. Extracts of plants were used for the treatment of various diseases and this forms the basis for all traditional systems of medicine³.

Plants are rich source of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities (inhibition of certain pathogens). In general, these secondary metabolites are of an important source with a variety of structural arrangements and properties⁴. Distinguished examples of these compounds include flavonoids, phenols and phenolic glycosides, saponins and cyanogenic glycosides^{5, 6}.

Several studies have confirmed the antimicrobial efficacy of different Jatropha species; however, there is insufficient information regarding the antimicrobial activities of Jatropha curcas. In this paper, the antimicrobial property of crude extracts of the leaves of Jatropha curcas has been studied as part of the exploration for new and novel bioactive compounds.

Information of Bacteria:

1. Escherichia coli:

Escherichia coli is a gram negative bacteria facultatively anaerobic, rod shaped coli form bacteria of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of worm blooded organism. Most the E.coli strains are harmless but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their host and are occasionally responsible for product recall due to food contamination the harmless straits are the part of normal flora of gut and can benefit their host by producing vitamin K. E.coli and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.1% of gut flora and fecal – oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited of time which makes them potential indicator organism to test the environmental sample for fecal contamination.

2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

Pseudomonas is a genus of gram negative, aerobic gamma proto bacteria belong to family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 validly described species, the member of the genus demonstrates a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a wide range of niches there ease of culture in-vitro and availability of an increasing number of Pseudomonas strains genome sequence has made a genus an excellent focus for scientific research the best studied species include P. aeruginosa in its role as an opportunistic human pathogen the plant pathogen P.syringae , the soil bacterium P.putida and the plant growth promoting P.fluorescenes. Bacteria of their wide spread occurrence in water and plant seed such as dicots, the pseudomonas were absorbed early in the history of microbiology. The generic name Pseudomonas created for this organisms was defined in rather vague terms by walter migula in 1894 and 1900 as a gram negative rod shaped and polar flagellated bacteria with some sporulating species, the statement was later provided incorrect and was due to refractive granules of reserve material.

3. Staphylococcus aurous:

Staphylococcus is a genus of gram positive bacteria under microscope; they appear round and form in grape like clusters. The staphylococcus genus includes at least 40 species of this, nine have to subspecies, one has three subspecies and one has four subspecies. Most are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membrane of human and other organisms found worldwide they are a small component soil microbial flora.

4. Bacillus spp:

Bacillus is a rod shaped bacterium. Bacillus is found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria. The Bacillus capitalized and italicized refers to specific genus of bacteria ^{7, 8}.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The plant sample of Jatropha curcas, the leaf was used in this research work was collected from Sangli region, and authenticated from Department of Botany, Balwant College of Science, Vita. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Equipments:

The equipment used was an analytical balance, bottles, funnel, rotary vacuum evaporator, petri dish, glass beakers, centrifuge, incubators, electric cooker, autoclave, hot air oven.

Experimental Methods:

1. Cultivation of microorganism on suitable media:

a) Vogel Johanson Medium- This medium contains more tellurite than Baired-Parker medium and is highly effective for Staphylococci with few other microorganisms able to grow within a 24 hrs incubation period.

b) MacConkeys agar- This is used for the isolation of the E-coli because different types of formulation of this medium are available with the different degree of selectivity. The basis of selectivity is the inclusion bile salt which inhibits non intestinal bacteria and crystal violet inhibits cocci. Lactose is added in MacConkeys medium acid product of fermentation detected by using neutral rod is pink in acid and orange alkaline condition. So E-coli other lactose fermenter produces rod colonies and impart red colour to the surrounding medium after 48 hrs.

c) Nutrient agar- This is used for isolation of Bacillus bacteria because bacillus bacteria it is simple medium used for the growth purpose bacillus bacteria ^{9, 10}.

2. Extraction of plant materials:

20 g amount of the powdered leaves was weighed and percolated in 200 ml of 96% ethanol contained in 500 ml conical flask. The flask was agitated manually several times over a period of 24 h. The extract was filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper and the filtrate collected in a clean beaker was concentrated to dryness by evaporation over a steam bath at 80°C. The aqueous extract was similarly prepared using 20 g of the powdered leaves material in 200 ml of distilled water.

3. Antimicrobial activity of specific medicinal plant on organisms:

A) Preparation of agar plate:

1 Mac Conkeys agar = 100 ml distilled water + 5.53 gm HIMEDIA of MacConkeys agar medium

2 Cetrimide agar = 100 ml distilled water + 4.67 gm HIMEDIA of Cetrimide agar medium

3 Vogel Johanson agar medium = 100 ml distilled water + 6.1 HIMEDIA Vogel Johanson of agar medium

4 Nutrient agar = 100 ml distilled water + 2.8gm HIMEDIA of Nutrient agar medium

Take 4 conical flasks for preparation of media. All media were prepared as mentioned above formula, then mix thoroughly. All prepared media were sterilized in autoclave at 121^◦C/15 LBS pressure for 15 min. After that pour sterilized media in sterilized plates slowly before they solidify.

B) Spreading and preparation of well:

Saline water was taken in that particular bacteria were inoculated and then suspension was spread on agar plates with the help of sterile glass spreader. Then prepare a well with the help of cork borer. Then plant extract was added to the well in aseptic condition.

C) Incubation:

Incubation of plates was carried out at 37⁰C for 48 hrs. After 48 hour remove the plate from incubator and the inhibition zone were observed. Then zones were measured in mm ^{11, 12}.

RESULTS:

Table 1: Results of inhibition zone in mm

Sr.No.	Name of Bacteria	Inhibition zone in mm
1)	Escherichia coli	08
2)	Bacillus spp.	05
3)	Staphylococcus aureus	15
4)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	17

Fig. no. 1 Staphylococcus aureus on Vogel Johanson agar

Fig. no. 2 Bacillus spp. on Nutrient agar

Fig. no. 3 Escherichia coli on MacConkeys agar

Fig. no. 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Cetrimide agar

DISCUSSION:

From above study it was concluded that aqueous extract of leaves of Jatropha curcas possess good antimicrobial activity and Bacillus spp. is more sensitive towards Jatropha curcas.

REFERENCES:

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9. Ad njoroge, Anyango, sfdossaji, Screening of phyllanthus species for antimicrobial properties, Chemical Sciences Journal, 2012, 56.

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Received on 28.11.2017 Accepted on 05.01.2018

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2018; 8(1):17-20.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2018.00004.7